Purpose and History Essay

The legislation of Ur-Nammu assumed an understanding that the legal philosophy descended from the gods, and the female monarch or ruler was the administrator of the fair play on the part of the population. Under this code, frightening penalties were considered to be unnecessary for the majority of crimes. Since people believed to know how they should run towards apiece different, pecuniary fines served as a reminder of how to be bewilder (Mark, 2014). The structure of the Code of Hammurabi is very particular, with each offense having a distinct discipline. The penalizations tended to be extremely critical compared to at pre displaces modern day standards, many an(prenominal) of the offenses resulted in death, disfigurement, or the use of what we know today as Eye for eye, tooth for tooth (Lex Talionis Law of avenging) philosophy. The Code of Hammurabi is one of the earliest examples of right where the assumption of innocence has been incorporated, and the acc employ and accuser impart the opportunity to produce and present march on their behalf. However, no provisions were do for extenuating circumstances to be presented in ordinance to alter any confident(p) punishment. muniment of prison developmentDuring the archean compound years, prisons had non yet been develop as a form of punishment for crimes. The colonists did however use jails, copying the side remains of gallows, in order to harbor defendants who were awaiting trial or for those already convicted and were awaiting their physical or capital punishment. These jails had deplorable conditions. light men, women, and children were all housed together, with very little sustenance or sanitary conditions. Offenders who could afford it salaried a fee in order to avoid jail this early bond paper system enabled the rich to pay a fee in order to be released. The conditions in both the English and colonial jails during the 1600s and 1700s were so deplorable that few doubted the occ upy for reform (Richard P. Seiter, 2011). Comparison of the atomic number 91 and chromatic systemThe protactinium system was cognise as the separate and silent system, with tranquility enforced and inmates non allowed to see or talk with each other. Through this approach, it was believed that offenders would not be morally contaminated and be trained in crime by other prisoners. There were several problems with the dad system. First, it was almost impossible to contain prisoners from eyesight and communicating with each other. Second, it was very dearly-won to operate, as a urgency to keep prisoners separated this increased the number of provide members needed. Third, in that location was very limited productiveness by inmates, as a requirement to engagement alone in their cells did not allow for as much product of goods for resale as was desired. Fourth, opponents of the process of the atomic number 91 prisons suggested that the purdah imposed on prisoners make man y of them mentally ill. Finally, the planned function was limited almost immediately.Two prisoners were placed in a cell together so one could learn a trading from the other and increase the end product of goods. The warden of the eastern Penitentiary, Samuel Wood, used prisoners as servants in his lieu and allowed them to communicate. The Pennsylvania system seemed doomed from its solution and forced prison operators in other renders to search for new approaches to overcome the problems. Although there was great interest in the Pennsylvania system, only two states (New Jersey and Rhode Island) take its separate and silent system. However, both short abandoned the Pennsylvania system in favor of the improved system that was created in auburn, New York (Richard P. Seiter, 2011). The Auburn system became know as the congregate and silent system as officials continued to reduce the spread out of criminal ideas by inmates by dint of whitewash and strict discipline. Barnes an d Teeters describe the enforcement of the system through lockstep marching with eyes downcast, hard give out and activity while outside cells, and prohibitions of inmates unconstipated being face to face.After the operation of Auburn was copied at babble out Sing prison in New York, as well as at prisons in other states, the Auburn system was recognize as better than the Pennsylvania system. The prisons were cheaper to plant and operate, the congregate style allowed production of goods and much income for the state, and fewer prisoners developed mental health problems. Other prisons being built across the country adopted the Auburn system. The operation of prisons for sentencedoffenders received international attention, and many countries sent representatives to examine the operation of both the Pennsylvania-style and Auburn-style prisons.Although the Pennsylvania style of prisons was seldom favored in the United States, most international visitors ready advantages in both, and many preferred the Pennsylvania system because of its effort to avoid befoulment among prisoners. During the first half of the nineteenth century, the Auburn style of silence, hard work, separation at night, congregation during the day to maximize production of goods, and strict control was the method used for most American prisons (Richard P. Seiter, 2011). Impact and stake of prison labor over eraThroughout US history, there have been many laws both morally and ethically concerning prison labor. The Hawes-Cooper Act and the Ashurst-Sumner Act made interstate trading of prison-made goods illegal. During the 1970s, many of laws regarding prison labor were amended. The Justice System advancement Act of 1979 allowed for the privatization of prisons and the transport of their goods across state lines. Once this change in the law took place, the prison industry profits tack rocketed from $392 million to $1.31 billion. Prison industry partnerships value both businesses and inm ates. Businesses are provided with a stable, cause work force, with reduced overhead, an alternative to afield operations, and a made in the ground forces label. Inmates are provided with income to offset the cost of their incarceration, allows for requital to victims and provides the inmates family with support. Inmates have the ability to learn a trade and gain valuable work experience (U.S. Prison Labor At shell and Abroad, 2003).ReferencesMark, J. J. (2014). Ancient History Encyclopedia. Retrieved fromhttp//www.ancient.eu.com/Ur-Nammu/Richard P. Seiter. (2011). Corrections an introduction. Retrieved from Richard P. Seiter, CJA234 Bachelor of Science in Criminal Justice Admin/Human work website.U.S. Prison Labor at Home and Abroad. (2003). Retrieved fromhttp//www1.american.edu/TED/jail.htm